As one kind of nonsubstance addiction, internet gaming addiction (IGA) is characterized as a behavioral pattern of using internet game excessively and uncontrollably, which could result in pathological consequence. Previous researches recommended Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as the prime treatment due to its efficacy. This article revealed the clinical intervention process combining the cognitive behavioral therapy for internet addiction (CBT-IA) and the I-PACE model to an IGA client. The intervention consists four phases as Preparation Phase (session 1-4), Behavior Modification Phase (session 5-6), Cognitive Restructuring Phase (session 7-10) and Harm Reduction Phase (session 11). The results showed that the client's weekly gaming time decreased from 45 hours to 30 hours, with a 23.5% reduction in the CIAS-R scale score, and significant alleviation of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Data indicated the intervention gained good outcomes. This study aims to make therapeutic evaluation of CBT-IA for Chinese undergraduate who are addicted to Internet game and verify the effectiveness of the I-PACE model from a case perspective.

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a significant psychological trait that is prevalent across various psychological disorders and has a significant impact on individuals' physical and mental health. From an evolutionary psychology perspective, IU represents an adaptive mechanism developed in response to pressures related to survival, social interaction, and reproduction. Its formation can be explained by the environmental adaptability hypothesis, error management theory, and social adaptability hypothesis. However, due to evolutionary mismatch, these mechanisms manifest as functional deviations in modern society: the heightened risk vigilance emphasized by the environmental adaptability hypothesis may increase vulnerability to psychological disorders; the threat overestimation bias highlighted by error management theory often leads to decision-making difficulties; and the social sensitivity posited by the social adaptability hypothesis is prone to trigger social anxiety. To address these issues, effective intervention strategies include emotion regulation training, cognitive behavioral therapy, and the construction of social support systems. Future research should strengthen theoretical integration and conduct long-term follow-up and cross-cultural studies to further examine intervention effects.

Psychosomatic medicine, as an emerging interdisciplinary field, focuses on the interactions among psychological, social, and biological factors in the onset and development of diseases, and has gained importance in modern medicine. In clinical practice, assessment tools are important for the diagnosis of psychosomatic disorders and mainly include interview tools and self-report scales. Interview tools such as the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) and its revised version (DCPR-R) have high diagnostic sensitivity, but their structured interview procedures are relatively complex and time-consuming and require substantial professional training, which makes them difficult to promote on a large scale in general hospitals. Self-report scales include specific assessment tools for psychosomatic symptoms like the Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist (PSC), Children's Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist (C-PSC), Chinese Psychosomatic Health Scale (CPSHS), Psychosomatic Symptoms Questionnaire (PSS), Psychosomatic Symptom Scale (PSSS), and Brief Psychosomatic Symptom Scale (BPSS). These tools offer greater structural specificity, stronger theoretical relevance, and higher differentiative ability for diseases. However, they have not been widely used clinically. In contrast, general mental health assessment tools, covering somatic symptoms, emotional symptoms, and comprehensive assessment scales, are widely used because of their convenience and accessibility. However, they show limited specificity in identifying psychosomatic symptoms. This article summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the aforementioned tools by analyzing their psychometric properties and cultural adaptability, and examines their applicability across different medical settings and populations, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice and research. Future assessment tools should be developed and refined based on international psychometric standards, in response to national health policies, and through the integration of multimodal assessment approaches and AI technology.

According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) , human beings have five basic emotions: joy, anger, sorrow, thinking, and fear. These five emotions are believed to correspond to the five elements, and their interactions can be explained by the principles of mutual generation and mutual restriction. Based on this framework, the theory of "Certain emotion generates certain emotion" and "certain emotion controls certain emotion" has been developed. For instance, fear generates anger, anger generates joy, joy generates thought, and thought generates sorrow; similarly, joy can overcome worry, anger can overcome overthinking, sorrow can overcome anger, fear can overcome joy, and thought can overcome fear.In light of these principles, this paper explores therapeutic applications for depression. Since patients with depression often suffer from excessive rumination and sadness, the controlled release of anger may serve as a potential intervention. Proper emotional catharsis can stimulate the courage and determination required to face difficulties, while also preventing avoidance and fear caused by prolonged suppression of anger. By combining classical Chinese medical theories with modern psychology, this paper proposes a novel paradigm for emotion regulation. We hope that TCM psychology will receive greater attention and form a complementary relationship with Western psychology, thereby contributing to the promotion of mental health and human well-being worldwide.

Objective: To explore the relationship between bullying victimization and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among rural junior high school students, the mediating role of rumination, and the moderating role of mindfulness.
Methods: A three-stage longitudinal study was conducted among 385 rural junior high school students who had experienced bullying victimization, with an average interval of 6 months over one year, using the revised Delaware Bullying Victimization Scale (student version), Rumination Scale, Mindfulness Scale, and the revised PTSD Symptom Checklist.
Results: Bullying victimization had a significant positive predictive effect on PTSS (β=0.205, p<0.001). Rumination plays a mediating role between bullying victimization and PTSS, with a mediating effect value of 0.186 and a 95% confidence interval of [0.118, 0.285]. Mindfulness has a moderating effect in the second half of the mediating process (β=0.234, p<0.001). Specifically, when the level of mindfulness increases, the impact of rumination on PTSS intensifies.
Conclusion: There is a moderating mediating effect in the relationship between bullying victimization and PTSS among rural junior high school students. Rumination is the mediating factor of the relationship between the two. Mindfulness regulates the relationship between rumination and PTSS. Mindfulness cannot buffer the exacerbation of PTSS aggravated by rumination among rural junior high school students who have experienced bullying victimization. Instead, it intensifies the association between the two to a certain extent.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the impact of perceived stigma on the mental health among patients with schizophrenia and to test the mediating effects of self-compassion and self-stigma.
Methods: A total of 102 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia were recruited and they completed the Perceived Devaluation Discrimination Scale (PDD), the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI), the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), the Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD). Pearson correlation analyses were conducted among the six variables: perceived stigma, self-compassion, self-stigma, self-esteem, depression, and social avoidance and distress. Furthermore, with perceived stigma as the independent variable, self-compassion and self-stigma as mediating variables, and self-esteem, depression, and social avoidance and distress as dependent variables, the significance of three chain mediation models was examined separately.
Results: Data analysis results showed that perceived stigma of patients with schizophrenia significantly predicted self-esteem (total effect=-0.306), depression (total effect=0.213), and social avoidance and distress (total effect=0.220). Mediation analyses indicated that self-compassion played a mediating role between perceived stigma and self-esteem, depression, social avoidance and distress; self-compassion and self-stigma jointly functioned as a chain mediation between perceived stigma and self-esteem, depression, social avoidance and distress.
Conclusion: Perceived stigma among patients with schizophrenia has a negative impact on mental health through decreasing self-compassion, and can also exerts its influence through decreasing self-compassion and increasing self-stigma.

Objective: This study aims to examine how short video viewing behaviors influence women's mental health by influencing their health-related behaviors.
Methods: This study utilizes data from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to analyze a sample of 8 413 women aged 16 to 60. Three dummy variables were created: non-viewers (n=3 274), non-daily viewers (n=1 581), and daily viewers (n=3 558). Employing a multiple linear regression model, it examines the nonlinear impact of short video usage on women's mental health.
Results: Moderate users (non-daily viewing group) exhibited significantly lower depression scores compared to those who never viewed short videos (β=-0.782), while high-frequency users (daily viewing group) showed significantly higher depression indices than non-daily users (β=0.714). Grouped regression tests revealed heterogeneous effects of short video usage on women's mental health. Incorporating the behavioral substitution hypothesis, the study introduced mechanism variables—exercise frequency, internet duration, and late bedtimes. Resultsindicate that moderate non-daily usage yields psychological benefits through increased exercise frequency (OR=1.603, 95%CI:1.391~1.849). Conversely, daily high-frequency usage triggers screen addiction, leading to sleep deprivation (OR=1.198, 95%CI:1.062~1.352), thereby escalating depression risk.
Conclusion: These empirical findings challenge the traditional assumption of unidimensional linear harm from digital use, highlighting the double-edged nature of short video impacts—their health effects depend not only on usage intensity but are more critically shaped by content quality and users' self-regulation capabilities.

As a widely accessible interactive medium, video games not only reflect contemporary understandings of social behavior but also actively participate in the construction of such understandings. This paper provides a narrative review of the developmental trajectory of research on video games and social behavior, tracing how early game theories evolved into the General Aggression Model and the General Learning Model. It synthesizes the empirical evidence linking video games and social behaviors, as well as ongoing debates surrounding meta-analytic findings in this field. The review highlights the current trend of using computational models to parametrically analyze social learning mechanisms within games and points out that social behavioral learning in video games is not only dependent on game content design but is also influenced by game mechanisms such as positive and negative feedback. Based on this review, potential directions for future research directions are proposed.

Objective: Drawing upon the family system theory, this study employed a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to explore the bidirectional associations between parenting styles and Internet addiction among college students.
Methods: Using a cluster sampling approach, 912 college students from a university in Shandong Province were recruited and completed four waves of longitudinal surveys at approximately six-month intervals through the Wenjuanxing online questionnaire platform. Assessment tools included Short-Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran and the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale. After conducting tests for common method bias and longitudinal measurement invariance, along with descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, a RI-CLPM was constructed to analyze the data.
Results: After controlling the effects of gender, age, household registration, and household income, the following results were obtained: (1) At the between-person level, parental rejection (p<0.001) and overprotection (p<0.001) were significantly positively associated with Internet addiction, whereas emotional warmth (p<0.001) was significantly negatively associated with Internet addiction. (2) At the within-person level, parental rejection (p<0.001) and overprotection (p<0.01) measured at T2 significantly positively predicted Internet addiction at T3. Conversely, Internet addiction at T3 significantly positively predicted parental rejection (p<0.01) and overprotection (p<0.001) at T4. Additionally, emotional warmth measured at T2 (p<0.05) and at T3 (p<0.001) significantly negatively predicted subsequent Internet addiction.
Conclusion: Parental rejection, overprotection and Internet addiction demonstrated reciprocal positive prediction, forming a mutually reinforcing vicious circle. The results hold significant implications for the family-based prevention and intervention strategies for Internet addiction, particularly among college students.

Eco-art therapy is a holistic and integrated approach to mental health practice. With the guidance of a counselor, clients engage in creative expression using natural art materials and natural environments to produce unique artworks. This method emphasizes mindful engagement in the creative process, helping individuals externalize inner struggles through artistic form, thereby improving psychological, physical, and emotional well-being. The dreamcatcher technique is one form of eco-art therapy. This article presents a case study of an anxious college student to illustrate the process of eco-art therapy. It details specific stages of the counseling process, including material selection, emotional exploration during creation, and self-reflection after completing the artwork. The study not only analyzes the intervention effects of eco-art therapy in this case but also explores its potential mechanisms, such as using natural imagery to promote emotional regulation, reconstructing meaning through artistic symbolism, and enhancing self-efficacy through hands-on practice. Finally, drawing on insights from the case, the article outlines future directions for eco-art therapy and highlights its potential value and application in mental health services for college students and broader populations.

The study of the neural mechanisms of visual consciousness is hailed as a crown jewel of basic scientific research for humanity in the 21st century. In recent years, researchers have paid increasing attention to the issue that neural activity related to visual consciousness is easily confounded with neural activity related to conscious reports. This issue is also known as the "Refrigerator Door Problem." This paper systematically reviews the event-related potential (ERP) studies on the "Refrigerator Door Problem." By respectively reviewing research based on report-based and non-report-based paradigms, it analyzes and summarizes the progress and shortcomings of current research. This paper argues that future studies should focus on in-depth explorations of the relationships between the "Refrigerator Door Problem" and the concept of consciousness, non-report-based paradigms, and potential ERP components related to visual consciousness. This will contribute to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms of visual consciousness.

With the proliferation of internet technology, particularly the widespread application of artificial intelligence (AI), and the enhanced accessibility of therapists' personal information, therapist-targeted googling (TTG) has gradually become a noteworthy phenomenon in psychological counseling practice. Based on empirical studies conducted domestically and internationally, this research reviews the prevalence, motivations, and impact of TTG on therapeutic processes. It indicates that TTG is relatively common among clients even though they disclose such behavior infrequently. Motivations for TTG are diverse, including curiosity, verification of professional competence, attachment needs, and the pursuit of power balance. Emotional responses following TTG and its effects on the therapeutic relationship show considerable individual variation. While most outcomes are neutral to positive, some clients experience a crisis of trust due to conflicting information or perceived boundary ambiguities. Furthermore, drawing on traditional counseling principles such as self-disclosure, abstinence, and neutrality, this paper examines the challenges TTG poses to the therapist's professional role and therapeutic framework. The authors propose practical strategies to help psychotherapists better navigate the complexities of therapeutic relationships in the digital age, thereby enhancing safety and effectiveness of psychotherapy.

Objective: This study employs Weibo text analysis to investigate the emotional characteristics and expression patterns of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits within the context of Weibo posts.
Methods: ADHD-related posts were collected from Weibo from 2022 to 2025 using a web crawler. Following data cleaning with R, manual screening was conducted based on specific criteria to identify: (1) posts from suspected ADHD individuals, and (2) first-person narratives containing emotional expressions. A final dataset of 207 eligible posts (containing 1 116 emotional clauses) was analyzed. Emotional categorization was performed using the Dalian University of Technology Sentiment Lexicon. The Jaccard coefficient and Markov chain analysis were applied to examine the patterns of emotional co-occurrence and dynamic transitions.
Results: The analysis revealed: (1) frequent co-occurrence of contradictory emotions (e.g., praise-blame, Jaccard coefficient=0.58), reflecting conflicts in daily self-evaluation and indicating deeper self-identity issues; (2) statistics reveal high-probability emotional transition pathways (e.g., annoyance → blame, 90.9%).
Conclusion: Individuals with suspected ADHD demonstrate a unique profile of contradictory emotional expression on social media. The characteristics of their emotional dynamics may provide precise targets for digital health interventions.

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between rejection sensitivity and cyber-ostracism, as well as the mediating role of self-affirmation in this relationship.
Methods: A total of 230 university student participants were recruited through convenience sampling on social media platforms in November 2024. Participants completed questionnaires including the Rejection Sensitivity Scale, the Self-affirmation Subscale of General Health Questionnaire-20 (GHQ-20), and the Cyber-ostracism Questionnaire for college students on the Questionnaire Star platform. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, difference test, and mediation analysis were conducted.
Results: (1) Rejection sensitivity, self-affirmation, and cyber-ostracism were significantly correlated with each other. (2) Both rejection sensitivity and self-affirmation showed significant gender differences. (3) After controlling for gender, rejection sensitivity not only positively predicted cyber-ostracism (β = 0.258,95% CI: 0.110 to 0.324), but also indirectly increased it by decreasing self-affirmation (β = 0.114,95% CI: 0.049 to 0.153), with this indirect effect accounting for 44.2% of the total effect.
Conclusion: Rejection sensitivity and self-affirmation are significant factors influencing undergraduates' cyber-ostracism. Self-affirmation plays a mediating role between rejection sensitivity and cyber-ostracism.

Objective: The study aims to investigate the impact of parental helicopter parenting congruence and incongruence on the depression of emerging adult offspring, along with the mediating role of family orientation in this relationship.
Methods: Participants were 2 973 university students from Yunnan Province. Measurements were conducted using the Helicopter Parenting Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Family Orientation Subscale extracted from the Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Inventory-2 (CPAI-2). Polynomial regression and response surface analysis were employed for the statistical processing of the collected data.
Results: (1) When parents exhibited congruent helicopter parenting, an increase in helicopter parenting intensity was associated with higher levels of depression in emerging adults. Additionally, greater overall helicopter parenting incongruency was linked to higher depression levels in emerging adults. (2) When parents consistently demonstrated either a high or low level of helicopter parenting, emerging adults tended to show lower levels of family orientation. Emerging adults' family orientation significantly diminished as helicopter parenting incongruency increased, with this effect being especially pronounced when mothers exhibited higher helicopter parenting intensity than fathers. (3) Family orientation played a significant mediating role between parental helicopter parenting and emerging adults' depression.
Conclusion: This study broadens the application of family systems theory in parenting research, revealing the impact of parental helicopter parenting congruence and incongruence on the depression of emerging adult offspring. It also highlights the psychological protective value of "family orientation" as a culturally relevant personality trait in the Chinese context, providing a new perspective on the relationship between family dynamics and individual psychological development.

Objective: To develop a Fire Fighting and Rescue Personnel Competency Scale and examine its reliability and validity.
Methods: The initial scale was constructed through systematic literature review, data retrieval, and semi-structured interviews with 24 Chinese fire fighting and rescue personnels in July 2024. Subsequently, in November 2024, the initial version was administered to 863 participants for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, resulting in the formal scale. Finally, in December 2024, the formal scale was administered to 432 fire fighting and rescue personnels, and the data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis and reliability and validity analyses.
Results: The final Fire Fighting and Rescue Personnel Competency Scale consists of 32 items across four dimensions: cognitive characteristics, interpersonal coordination, personal traits, and professional competence. The internal consistency coefficients for the total scale and subscales ranged from 0.890 to 0.961. The four-factor model demonstrated acceptable fit: χ²/df=3.117, CFI=0.894, TLI=0.887, SRMR=0.049, RMSEA=0.070. Significant positive correlations were found between the total and subscale scores and measures of work engagement and professional identity, indicating good criterion-related validity.
Conclusion: The Fire Fighting and Rescue Personnel Competency Scale demonstrates good reliability and validity and can be used for assessing competency among Chinese fire fighting and rescue personnels.

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the phenomenon of AI dependence has become increasingly salient. In light of this, the present paper outlines the current research landscape and proposes future research prospects for AI dependence from the following aspects: conceptual definitions, measurement tools, theoretical foundation, influencing factors, and major consequences. AI dependence generally refers to a situation where certain users' reliance on AI goes far beyond normal usage levels, progressing to the point of excessive dependence or even addiction. Findings showed that there is still no consensus on the conceptual definition of AI dependence, and measurement tools remain relatively limited. The theoretical foundations of AI dependence research primarily include the Attachment Theory, I-PACE Model, Self-Efficacy Theory, and others. The key influencing factors of AI dependence encompass user-related factors (e.g., psychodynamic factors, psychological process factors, psychological characteristic factors), technological environment factors (e.g., AI technology characteristics), and social environment factors (e.g., social isolation). The main consequences of AI dependence include psychological impacts (e.g., diminished personal capabilities, increased negative emotions) and behavioral impacts (e.g., academic procrastination, sleep disorder). In the future, studies should further advance AI dependence research by deepening conceptual definitions and measurement tools development, enhancing the cross-disciplinary application of theoretical frameworks, broadening the examination of contributing factors, strengthening the investigation into its consequential effects, and conducting intervention research.

In recent years, psychological crises have occurred frequently in universities. The psychological crises among college students have characteristics such as diversity, concealment, and complexity, which pose greater challenges to psychological work in universities. To enhance the response rate and intervention capacity of schools to psychological crises, this study proposes a “one-click early warning” psychological crisis intervention system. The data sources include the psychological center, departmental counselors, students, teachers, school hospital, security department, logistics department, and other business units. It collects specific information about students from multiple dimensions such as daily study and life, interpersonal communication, and behavioral habits. Based on the system theory in the extended crisis theory and the stacking integrated learning framework, 300 students’ information was collected as a training set to build a psychological crisis early warning model. Subsequently, data from another 100 students were used as a test set to evaluate the predictive performance of the model. The results show that the model has good discrimination ability and can effectively warn students in crisis, bringing convenience to university psychological crisis work. It is expected that through the application of this program, the demand for mental health services of the student group in colleges and universities can be met, and substantive contributions can be made to building a harmonious society .

This case report details the psychological counseling of a kindergarten-aged boy who presented with excessive attachment to his mother, intense sibling rivalry with his elder brother, and overly ingratiating behaviors towards his parents. During the counseling process, the therapist innovatively combined the fantasy animal game with the mutual storytelling technique. Six sessions were conducted, utilizing four different fantasy animal drawings and their corresponding stories to understand the changes and development within the child's inner world. The fantasy animal game, founded by Handler, is a form of expressive arts therapy that employs projective drawing and story creation, particularly suitable for children and clients with lower levels of emotional developmental. In the sessions, the therapist combined this technique with mutual storytelling, jointly creating a "tailor-made" story with the child based on elements the child generated. This story not only encompassed the client's core conflicts but also, by uncovering the child's own positive internal resources, offered more possibilities and solutions. Ultimately, through the fantasy animal game, the therapist identified the root causes of the client's distress and helped him transform his competitive relationship with his brother into one of imitation and learning, thereby alleviating his excessive attachment to his mother and overly ingratiating behaviors towards his parents. This case demonstrates the applicability of the fantasy animal game for younger clients and its special value as a creative and metaphor-rich intervention in promoting children's emotional expression and behavioral change.

Response surface analysis (RSA) is a statistical analysis method based on polynomial regression used to examine nonlinear relationships between two or more predictor variables and one outcome variable. Compared with the difference score method, RSA has distinct advantages in exploring the congruence problem. According to its mathematical principles, quadratic RSA follows a specific testing procedure for the congruence assumption. The generalized congruence assumption is verified by testing the matching between the first principal axis (FPA) and the line of congruence (LOC), and whether the inverted "U" shape, with the vertex at the origin, of the corresponding cross-sectional curve of the line of incongruence (LOIC) was exhibited. Furthermore, the morphological test of the LOC cross-section curve is carried out to test the strict congruence assumption, the rising ridge assumption, and other related conditions. The RSA package in R language enables model fitting, parameter estimation, and 3D visualization, providing a comprehensive and simple operation process for practical application in research. Although there are some misunderstandings and challenges in the use of RSA, it has significant advantages in hypothesis testing and result visualization and plays a key role in a wide range of research fields.

With the increasingly fierce social competition, mental health problems of adolescents caused by psychological stress have become an important issue of global concern. This paper reviews the general processes, data types, and measurement methods for assessing individual stress detection using social network computing and systematically summarizes the current situation of adolescents' use of social networks and the latest research on stress and crisis detection based on these networks. The author proposes a framework for constructing a group-level early warning system for adolescents’ stress and crises. Future research will focus on the impact of positive events and various internal and external factors on individual adolescent stress, and aims to provide intelligent tools for group-level stress assessment and early warning in junior and senior high schools, thus improving the efficiency of mental health workers and helping the healthy development of adolescents.

To reveal the research dynamics and knowledge structure in the field of parental trust, this study employed bibliometric methods and CiteSpace to analyze 143 Web of Science articles (1998-2024). Using keyword co-occurrence, collaboration network, and burst term analysis, the study mapped the field’s productivity, themes, and frontiers. Results show an increasing annual output from 1 (1998) to 17 (2024) publications. The US (56 articles) was the core research force, followed by China (11) and Finland (10). Major institutions were concentrated in American and European universities, with Lerkkanen et al. forming the primary research collaboration network. Research focus areas included “home-school cooperation practices,” “student development,” and “vulnerable groups.” Burst terms such as “experiences” (2021-2022), “disability” (2022-2024), and “associations” (2021-2022) indicated growing attention to teacher experience, vulnerable groups, and the trust relationship between parents and teachers in the context of communication. The study concluded that parental-trust research needs to better analyze cross-cultural policy environments and the impact of digital communication tool. Future research should enhance dynamic tracking and interdisciplinary collaboration to meet the needs of modern educational governance.

Psychotherapy plays a crucial role in the intervention of psychological disorders, yet research on its side effects remains relatively limited. Exploring the side effects of psychotherapy is of great importance for optimizing treatment options, standardizing clinical practices, and improving safety. Psychotherapy side effects refer to unintended events that occur under the premise of proper treatment procedures, with overlap and distinction from adverse reactions and treatment incidents. These side effects manifest in various forms, and their incidence may be underestimated due to multiple factors. Patient characteristics, therapist factors, and treatment modalities all influence the occurrence of psychotherapy side effects. Currently, multiple tools are available for evaluating these side effects, each with its own strengths and limitations. In terms of countermeasures, therapists should carefully screen patients, ensure thorough informed consent, and consciously monitor the side effects during treatment. This article systematically reviews the concepts, incidence, influencing factors, and coping strategies related to psychotherapy side effects, aiming to provide references for advancing research and improving clinical practice.

Objective: To investigate the current state of marital conflicts in contemporary China from the perspectives of marriage counselors.
Methods: Based on the 2002 to 2020 Chinese research findings in psychology and sociology related to marital conflict, combined with theoretical perspectives from mainstream marital counseling and clinical experience of marriage counselors, a self-compiled questionnaire was developed. An online survey was conducted with 121 marriage counselors with regards to the characteristics of help-seekers, types of marital conflict, and coping styles observed in their clients.
Results: 73.6% of counselors believed that women were usually the ones who initiated marital counseling, and couples under the age of 45 accounted for the highest proportion of those seeking help (63.6%). The top three triggers prompting couples to seek professional marital counseling were extramarital affairs (76.9%), communication difficulties within the marriage (71.9%), and difficulties in raising children (52.1%). 87.6% of counselors had provided counseling to couples dealing with infidelity. The main reasons for extramarital affairs included marital conflict (83.5%), personal values (49.6%), sexual difficulties (46.3%), difficulties in early parent-child relationships (41.3%), and intergenerational trauma (41.3%). Factors affecting marital quality included serious relational breakdowns (e.g., infidelity and domestic violence); impaired cooperative functioning (e.g., communication difficulties, sexual difficulties, and parenting problems); poor spousal compatibility (e.g., conflicts in personality traits); and major stressors (e.g., one partner suffering from illness). Marriage counselors categorized common coping styles for marital conflict into two types: positive and negative. Positive coping included communication and negotiation, emotional expression, and problem-solving; while negative coping included violence, blame, and emotional distancing.
Conclusion: The survey results reflect, to some extent, the dilemmas faced by contemporary Chinese marriages. The causes of conflict are diverse and should be addressed through positive coping strategies. Marriage counselors were more likely to examine the causes, coping mechanisms, and consequences of marital conflicts from relational and systemic perspectives.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between life satisfaction, sleep duration, and depressive symptoms in older adults, and to explore the mediating role of sleep duration between life satisfaction and depressive symptoms.
Methods: Questionnaire data from the 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) of older adults aged 60 and above were used. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to examine the relationship between life satisfaction, sleep duration, and depressive symptoms. Logistic regression model was used to assess the relationships between variables, and a bootstrap test was used to examine the mediating role of sleep duration in the relationship between life satisfaction and depressive symptoms.
Results: Spearman correlation analysis showed that life satisfaction (ρ=-0.265, p<0.05) and sleep duration (ρ=-0.207, p<0.05) were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms, while life satisfaction was positively correlated with sleep duration (ρ=0.106, p<0.05). Mediation analysis revealed that sleep duration played a partial mediating role in the relationship between moderate life satisfaction and depressive symptoms (effect size = -0.478, 95% CI: -0.613 to -0.349) compared to those with low life satisfaction, and also between high life satisfaction and depressive symptoms (effect size = -0.649, 95% CI: -0.796 to -0.512).
Conclusion: Life satisfaction, sleep status, and depressive symptoms are significantly interrelated in older adults. Sleep duration played a partial mediating role between life satisfaction and depressive symptoms.